The effect of protein nutrition on production, metabolic transformation of nitrogen and ecological load in dairy farming

Authors

  • Iveta Maskaľová Maskaľová
  • Vladimír Vajda The Universtity of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice
  • Petra Timkovičová Lacková The Universtity of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice

Keywords:

nitrogen, transformation, urea, milk, urine

Abstract

The aim of the study is to evaluate the relation of protein nutrition to transformation of nitrogen (N) from feed to milk and its urinary excretion in dairy cows under the farm conditions. In breeding conditions of dairy farms in the groups of dairy cows in the 1st phase of lactation, with low content of CP (139±11.8 g/kg), optimum (161.8±6.3 g/kg) and high content of CP (179.7±8.5 g/kg) in dry matter of total mix ration (TMR), was confirmed the effect of increased the level of ammonia (NH3) in the rumen (17.4±1.7; 19.6±2.3; 22.8±3.4 mg/100 ml). The same tendency with higher statistical significance (P<0.001) was confirmed to the increased concentration of urea in the blood (22.8±3.7; 27.8±4.8; 35.1±6.6 mg/dl) and to the concentration of urea in the milk (18.2±2.6; 24.8±3.9; 33.3±6.7mg/dl). In the groups with increasing content of CP in the TMR, the ecological load of the environment increases, that was confirmed by a significant increase (P<0.001) of excreted N in the urine (139.4±19.8; 189.5±30.4; 254.7± 51.3 g N/day) and an increase (P<0.001) in the emission of ammonia into the environment (68.1 ± 6.1; 83.7 ± 9.4; 103.8 ± 15.9 g/day). The highest efficiency of N utilization at the level of 31.1 ± 1.4 % was confirmed at a CP content of 150-170 g/kg dry matter of TMR. The evaluation of direct regression dependence between the analysed CP content in TMR and analysed parameters of N transformation in individual farms was confirmed a significant relationship in CP and NH3 content (r = 0.641), CP and urea in the blood (r = 0.689) resp. CP and excretion of N in urine (r = 0.600). Direct relation was confirmed by the analysed NH3 content in the rumen and the urea content in the blood (r = 0.795), and urea in the milk (r = 0.786), as well as the urea content in the blood in relation to the urea in the milk (r = 0.767). The obtained results confirm the suitability of the use of the monitored markers to assess the level of protein nutrition and the environmental load at the farm.

References

Aguilar M., Hanigan M.D., Tucker H.A., Jones B.L., Garbade S.K., McGilliard M.L. (2012) Cow and herd variation in milk urea nitrogen concentrations in lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 95(12):7261-7268, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5582

Abdoun, K., Stumpff F., Wolf K., and Martens H. (2005) Modulation of electroneutral Na transport in sheep rumen epithelium by luminal ammonia. Am. J. Physiol. 289(3):508-520, https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00436.2004

Abdoun, K., Stumpff F., Rabbani I., and Martens H.(2010) Modulation of urea transport across sheep rumen epithelium in vitro by SCFA and CO2. Am. J. Physiol. 298(2):190-202, https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00216.2009

Bach, A., Calsamiglia, S., Stern, M.D., 2005 Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. J Dairy Sci. 88: E9-E21 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73133-7

Broderick G.A., Clayton M.K. (1997) A statistical evaluation or animal and nutritional factors influencing concentrations or milk urea nitrogen. J. Dairy Sci. 80(11):2964-2971, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76262-3

Burgos S.A., Fadel J.G, DePeters E. J. (2007) Prediction of Ammonia Emission from Dairy Cattle Manure Based on Milk Urea Nitrogen: Relation of Milk Urea Nitrogen to Urine Urea Nitrogen Excretion. J Dairy Sci. 90(12):5499-5508, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0299

Burgos S.A., Embertson N.M., Zhao Y., Mitloehner F.M., DePeters E. J, Fadel J.G. (2010) Prediction of Ammonia Emission from Dairy Cattle Manure Based on Milk Urea Nitrogen: Relation of Milk Urea Nitrogen to ammonia emissions. J Dairy Sci. 93(12):2377-2386, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2415

Colmenero, J.J. and Broderick G.A. (2006) Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 89(5):1704-1712, doi: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72238-X

Commission Regulation (EC) No 691/2013 amending Regulation (EC) No 152/2009 as regards methods of sampling and analysis. Official Journal of the European Union 2013, L 197/1–L197/12.

Ferguson, J. D., and Sklan D. (2005) Effects of dietary phosphorus and nitrogen on cattle reproduction. Pages 233-253 In E. Pfeffer, E. and A. N. Hristov, 2005 Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of cattle: reducing the environmental impact of cattle operations. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

Hammon D.S., Holyoak G.R., Dhiman T.R. (2005) Association between blood plasma urea nitrogen levels and reproductive fluid urea nitrogen and ammonia concentrations in early lactation dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 86(3-4):195-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.08.003

Hristov A.N., Hanigan M., Cole A., Todd R., McAllister T.A., Ndegwa P.M., Rotz A. (2011) Ammonia emissions from dairy farms and beef feedlots. Can. J. Anim. Sci.91(1):1-35, https://doi.org/10.4141/CJAS10034

Huhtanen P., Cabezas-Garcia E.H., Krizsan S.J., Shingfield K.J. (2015) Evaluation of between cow variation in milk urea and rumen ammonia nitrogen concentrations and the association with nitrogen utilization and diet digestibility in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 98(5):3182–3196, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8215

Huhtanen P., Hristov A.N. (2009) A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein concentration and degradability on milk protein yield and milk N efficiency in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92(7):3222-3232, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1352

Ishler V. A. (2017) Interpretation of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) values. The Pennsylvania State University Extension Publication No.2008-134. http://extransion.psu.edu/animals/dairy/nutrient-management-certified-dairy/tools/interpretation-of-mun-values

Jonker, J. S. and Kohn, R.A. (2001) Using milk urea nitrogen to evaluate diet formulation and environmental impact on dairy farms. Scientific World Journal, 1(S2): 852-859, https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.265

Kauffman, A. J., and St-Pierre, N.R. (2001) The relationship of milk urea nitrogen to urine nitrogen excretion in Holstein and Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84(10):2284–2294, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74675-9

Lapierre H., Lobley, G.E. (2001) Nitrogen recycling in the ruminant: A review. J. Dairy Sci. 84 (E. Suppl.): E223-E236, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)70222-6

Milano G.D., Hotston-Moore A., Lobley G.E. 2000. Influence of hepatic ammonia removal on urea genesis, amino acid utilization and energy metabolism in the ovine liver. Br. J. Nutr. 83(3):307-315, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114500000386

Misciattelli, L., Kristensen, V.F., Vestergaard, M., Weisbjerg, M.R., Sejrsen, K., Hvelplund, T., 2003. Milk production, nutrient utilization, and endocrine responses to increased postruminal lysine and methionine supply in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86(1):275–286, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73606-6

Nousiainen J., Shingfield K.J., Huhtanen P. 2004. Evaluation of milk urea nitrogen as a diagnostic of protein feeding. J. Dairy Sci.87: 386-398, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73178-1

NRC 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th revised edition, 381.Pp. 263-265

Oudah E.Z.M. 2009. Non genetic factors affecting somatic cell count, milk urea content, test day milk yield and milk protein percent in dairy cattle of Czech Republic using individual test day records. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(5):1-25. https://doi.org/10.21608/jappmu.2009.119192

Powell J.M., Rotz C.A., Wattiaux, M.A. (2014) Abatement of ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from dairy farms using milk urea N (MUN) as a management tool. J. Env. Qual. 43(4):1169-1175, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2013.09.0375

Recktenwald E.B. (2010) Urea-N recycling and its utilization by ruminal microbial populations in lactating dairy cattle. Ph.D. diss. Cornell Univ. Ithaca, NY

Recktenwald E.B., Ross D.A., Fessenden S.W., Wall C.J., Van Amburgh M.E. (2014) Urea-N recycling in lactating dairy cows fed diets with 2 different levels of dietary crude protein and starch with or without monensin. J. Dairy Sci. 97(3):1611-1622, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7162

Reynolds C.K., Kristensen N.B. (2008) Nitrogen recycling through the gut and the nitrogen economy of ruminants: An asynchronous symbiosis. J. Anim. Sci.86 (E. Suppl.): E293–E305, https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0475

Reynal S.M., Broderick G.A. (2005) Effect of dietary level of rumen-degraded protein on production and nitrogen metabolism in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.88(11):4045-64 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73090-3

Spek, J. W., Dijkstra J., Van Duinkerken G., Hendriks W.H. and Bannick A. (2013) Prediction of urinary nitrogen and urinary urea nitrogen excretion by lactating dairy cattle in northwestern Europe and North America: A meta-analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 96(7):4310–4322, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6265

Schwab C.G. (2010) Balancing diets for amino acids: Nutritional, environmental and financial implications. Pages 1-13 in Proc. Tri-State Dairy Nutr. Conf., Ft. Wayne, IN

Van Amburgh, M.E., Collao-Saenz, E., Higgs, R., Ross, D., Recktenwald, E., Raffrenato, E., Chase, L. E., Overton, T. R., Mills, J., & Foskolos, A. (2015) The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System: Updates to the model and evaluation of version 6.5. J Dairy Sci. 98(9):6361-6380 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9378

van Duinkerken G., Smits M.C.J., André G., Šebek L.B.J., Dijkstra J. (2011) Milk urea concentration as an indicator of ammonia emission from dairy cow barn under restricted grazing. J. Dairy Sci. 94:321-335, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2263

Wattiaux M.A., Ranathunga S. (2016) Milk urea Nitrogen as a tool to assess efficiency of Nitrogen utilization in dairy cows, In Proceedings of Four-State Dairy Nutrition and Management Conference 2016, (Dubuque Iowa, June 15-16, 2016), pp 79-88

Yan, T., Frost J. P., Agnew R. E., Binnie R. C., and Mayne C. S. (2006) Relationships among manure nitrogen output and dietary and animal factors in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 89:3981–3991, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10730

Downloads

Published

2023-01-09

Issue

Section

Animal Science