Effect of cover crops undersown in maize on the mycotoxin content in maize biomass

Authors

  • Antonín Kintl Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0031-083X
  • Nikol Zímová Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic
  • Martin Brtnický Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
  • Tereza Hammerschmiedt Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
  • Vladimír Smutný Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
  • David Kincl Department of Pedology and Soil Conservation, Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Prague-Zbraslav, Czech Republic
  • Pavel Nerušil Division of Crop Management Systems, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, Ruzyně, Praha 6, 161 06, Czech Republic
  • Igor Huňady Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic
  • Jakub Elbl Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6401-1516

Keywords:

mycotoxins, silage, AFL, DON, FUM

Abstract

The effect of growing maize with undersown crops on the content of mycotoxins in maize biomass was studied. Small plot experiments were conducted in 2019 on two sites with different soil and climatic conditions: Žabčice and Troubsko. Three treatments of intermediate crops (Italian ryegrass; Fodder vetch and a mixture of both) were undersown into the space between the rows of maize. The maize was harvested at a dry matter content of 35% at the Troubsko experimental site and 43% at the Žabčice experimental site. After the harvest of maize, samples of green biomass (shreddings) were dried at 60°C and then analyzed for the content of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxin (AF,L), and fumonisin (FUM). An average yield of maize shreddings ranged from 16.50 to 21.57 t/ha of dry matter within the individual treatment. The contents of mycotoxins from the sites differed in their statistical significance, and both experimental sites showed the lowest concentrations of AFL in maize shreddings while average concentrations of FUM and DON were always the highest. In most observations, treatments with the undersown crops reached the same values as the control treatment. Only in one treatment (mixture of Italian rye grass and Fodder vetch), an increase in the AFL content (by 0.3 µg/kg) was detected. Based on the performed analyses, it is possible to state that no adverse influence of undersown crops on the occurrence of mycotoxins in maize shreddings was recorded using the chosen methodology of cultivation. Exceeded limit values for the content of mycotoxins in feeds according to 2006/576/ were not recorded.

References

Bahrami, R., Shahbazi, Y., Nikousefat, Z. (2016). Occurrence and seasonal variation of aflatoxin in dairy cow feed with estimation of aflatoxin M1 in milk from Iran. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 27(3), 388–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540105.2015.1109613

Britz, W., Delzeit, R. (2013). The impact of German biogas production on European and global agricultural markets, land use and the environment. Energy Policy, 62, 1268–1275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.123

Brooker, R.W., Bennet, A.E., Cong, W.F., et al. (2015). Improving intercropping: a synthesis of research in agronomy, plantphysiology and ecology. New Phytologist, 206, 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13132

Cavallarin, L., Tabacco, E., Antoniazzi, S., Borreani, G. (2011). Aflatoxin accumulation in whole crop maize silage as a result of aerobic exposure. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91(13), 2419–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4481

Drakopoulos, D., Kägi, A., Six, J., et al. (2021). The agronomic and economic viability of innovative cropping systems to reduce Fusarium head blight and related mycotoxins in wheat. Agricultural Systems, 192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103198

Driehuis, F. (2013). Silage and the safety and quality of dairy foods: a review. Agricultural and Food Science, 22, 16–34. https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.6699

Driehuis, F., Oude Elferink, S.J.W.H. (2000). The impact of the quality of silage on animal health and food safety. A review. Veterinary Quarterly, 22(4), 212–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2000.9695061

Focker, M., van der Fels-Klerx, H.J., Magan, N., et al. (2021). The impact of management practices to prevent and control mycotoxins in the European food supply chain: MyToolBox project results. World Mycotoxin Journal, 14(2), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2020.2588

Fu, Z., Huang, X., Min, S. (2008). Rapid determination of aflatoxins in corn and peanuts. Journal of Chromatography A, 1209, 271–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.054

Gallo, A., Giuberti, G., Frisvad, J.C., Bertuzzi, T., Nielsen, K.F. (2015). Review on Mycotoxin Issues in Ruminants: Occurrence in Forages, Effects of Mycotoxin Ingestion on Health Status and Animal Performance and Practical Strategies to Counteract Their Negative Effects. Toxins, 7(8), 3057–3111. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7083057

García-Gen, S., Rodríguez, J., Lema, J.M. (2014). Optimisation of substrate blends in anaerobic co-digestion using adaptive linear programming. Bioresource Technology, 173, 159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.089

Giorni, P., Pietri, A., Bertuzzi, T., Soldano, M., Piccinini, S., Rossi, L., Battilani, P. (2018). Fate of mycotoxins and related fungi in the anaerobic digestion process. Bioresource Technology, 265, 554–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.077

González Pereyra, M.L., Alonso, V.A., Sager, R., et al. (2008). Fungi and selected mycotoxins from pre- and postfermented corn silage. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 104(4), 1034–1041. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03634.x

Huňady, I., Ondriskova, V., Hutyrová, H., Kubíková, Z., Hammerschmiedt, T., Mezera, J. (2021). Use of wild plant species: a potential for methane production in biogas plants. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 11(2).

Hutňan, M., Špalková, V., Bodík, I., Kolesárová, N., Lazor, M. (2010). Biogas Production from Maize Grains and Maize Silage. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 19(2), 323–329.

Kabelka, D., Kincl, D., Vopravil, J., et al. (2021). Impact of cover crops in inter-rows of hop gardens on reducing soil loss due to water erosion. Plant Soil Environment, 67, 230–235. https://doi.org/10.17221/24/2021-PSE

Kadaňková, P., Kintl, A., Koukalová, V., Kučerová, J., Brtnický, M. (2019). Coumarin content in silages made of mixed cropping biomass comprising maize and white sweet clover. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, Sofia, Bulgaria, 30 June - 6 July, pp. 115–121.

Kintl, A., Elbl, J., Vítěz, T., Brtnický, M., Skládanka, J., Hammerschmiedt, T., Vítězová, M. (2020). Possibilities of Using White Sweetclover Grown in Mixture with Maize for Biomethane Production. Agronomy, 10(9), 1407. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091407

Leggieri, M.C., Lanubile, A., Dall´Asta, C., Pietri, A., Battilani, P. (2019). The impact of seasonal weather variation on mycotoxins: maize crop in 2014 in northern Italy as a case study. World Mycotoxin Journal, 13, 25–36. https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2019.2475

Liu, Z., Zhang, G., Zhang, Y., Jin, Q., Zhao, J., Li, J. (2016). Factors controlling mycotoxin contamination in maize and food in the Hebei province, China. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 36, 39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0374-x

Loučka, R., Lang, J., Jambor, V., et al. (2014). Verified methodical process of obtaining and processing the values in the national system of evaluation of silage corn hybrids. The certified methodology, CZE, 1–47.

Mohammadi, G.R. (2010). Weed control in irrigated corn by hairy vetch interseeded at different rates and times. Weed Biology and Management, 10(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2010.00363.x

Ogunade, I.M., Martinez-Tuppia, C., Queiroz, O.C.M., et al. (2018). Silage review: Mycotoxins in silage: Occurrence, effects, prevention, and mitigation. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5), 4034–4059. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13788

Popp, D., Schrader, S., Kleinsteuber, S., Harms, H., Sträuber, H. (2015). Biogas production from coumarin rich plants inhibition by coumarin and recovery by adaptation of the bacterial community. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 91(9),103. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiv103

Scarlat, N., Dallemand, J.F., Fahl, F. (2018). Biogas: Developments and perspectives in Europe. Renewable Energy, 129, 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.006

Skládanka, J., Nedelnik, J., Adam, V., Dolezal, P., Moravcova, H., Dohnal, V. (2011). Forage as a Primary Source of Mycotoxins in Animal Diets. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(1), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8010037

Song, Y.N., Zhang, F.S., Marschner, P., et al. (2007). Effect of intercropping on crop yield and chemical and microbiological properties in rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Biology and Fertility of Soils, 43, 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-006-0139-9

Šišić, A., Bacánović-Šišić, J., Karlovsky, P., et al. (2018). Roots of symptom free leguminous cover crop and living mulch species harbor diverse Fusarium communities that show highly variable aggressiveness on pea (Pisum sativum). Plos one, 13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191969

Tillmann, M., von Tiedemann, A., Winter, M. (2017). Crop rotation effects on incidence and diversity of Fusarium species colonizing stem bases and grains of winter wheat. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 124, 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-016-0064-6

Vasileiadis, V.P., Sattin, M., Otto, S., et al. (2011). Crop protection in European maize-based cropping systems: Current practices and recommendations for innovative Integrated Pest Management. Agricultural Systems, 104(7), 533–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2011.04.002

Vitez, T., Elbl, J., Travnicek, P., et al. (2020). Impact of Maize Harvest Techniques on Biomethane Production. Bioenergy Research, 14, 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10173-0

Xu, Z., Li, Ch., Zhang, Ch., et al. (2020). Intercropping maize and soybean increases efficiency of land and fertilizer nitrogen use; A meta-analysis. Field and Crop Research, 246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2019.107661

Youngerman, C.Z., DiTommaso, A., Curran, W.S., Mirsky, S.B., Ryan, M.R. (2018). Corn Density Effect on Interseeded Cover Crops, Weeds, and Grain Yield. Agronomy Journal, 110(6), 2478–2487. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2018.01.0010

Downloads

Published

2023-04-04

Issue

Section

Plant Science