Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica :: ISSN 1336-9245
Important notice for authors: new version guides for authors and article template from June 30, 2025 are available. Please, see section Submissions. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica is an open access, a peer-reviewed scientific journal of the Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. First published in 1957 as Proceedings of the University of Agriculture in Nitra. From 2013 is the Journal published online only. Aims & scope Journal focuses on presentation of regional, national and international current science results in plant and animal nutrition, genetics, breeding, animal health and welfare, agronomy and soil science, in particular: agrochemistry and plant nutrition botany, plant physiology, genetics, breeding, protection crop production, grass ecosystems and forages soil and environmental scienes sustainable agriculture zoology, animal genetics and breeding biology animal husbandry, nutrition and special husbandry animal health and veterinary sciences human nutrition Journal Legacy Issues/articles published from 2011 to 2021 Issues/articles published from 2009 to 2011 Issues/articles published from 1998 to 2003 Indexing The journal is indexed by Scopus (Elsevier) | DOAJ Charges & Fees Articles are published without article submission and article processing charges. For end-users are published papers free of charge. Peer review policy Editorial evaluation: first step, submitted manuscripts are assessed from the formal / technical points of view (comply with the editorial requirements, resp. guidelines for authors, main aims and scopes and policies) and from the point of view of plagiarism. Manuscripts which are not comply with editorial requirements will be returned for technical corrections. In case general/base incompliance of article with requirements will be rejected, rejected will be also articles with critical similarity score. When the technical/formal evaluation is completed, the manuscript proceeds to the stage of scientific evaluation. Scientific evaluation Evaluation from the point of view of scientific quality is provided by the executive editors of subject/thematic sections. Based on the result of the preliminary evaluation from the point of view of scientific quality, the manuscript is either rejected, returned for corrections or moved to the review process. If the requested changes are made, the text returns to the executive editors. When the scientific evaluation is completed manuscript, the peer-review process is following. Peer-review process The Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica peer-review model: blind review, two independent reviewers. If necessary (in case there are any differencies between review reports) a third reviewer will be invited. The results of reviewing can be acceptance, acceptance with minor or major modifications or rejected. Once the requested changes/corrections are made, the text returns to the executive editors. Post peer-review process Editing and preparing accepted manuscripts for publication. Online publishing. Copyright & Licenses Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially) the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. The Journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Deposit Policy Sherpa/Romeo Screening of plagiarism All manuscripts are checked by the Crossref service Similarity Check (iThenticate software). eISSN 1336-9245 / pISSN 1335-258X (until to 2013) Journal website: http://www.acta.fapz.uniag.sk Journal periodicity: 4 issues per year Abbreviation: Acta fytotechn zootechn Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra
Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra
Evaluation of accelerated biomass composting methodologies
The issue of biological waste management is an increasingly serious challenge in urban and rural areas across Europe. Adapting to evolving European Union legislation, such as the Waste Framework Directive and the Landfill Directive, requires shifting from landfilling towards efficient recycling schemes that support a circular economy. This study aims to design a biowaste recycling methodology suitable for regions with a high share of rural settlements. Through the evaluation of parameters such as carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio, moisture content, and aeration requirements, we identified that conventional technological systems often fail to adequately handle the high nutrient and moisture levels typical of municipal organic waste. As a methodology, we analyzed advanced composting models, specifically aerated static pile and in-vessel systems, to establish baseline parameters for forced aeration and moisture control. Based on these parameters, the result is a novel proposed processing method involving the optimal mixing of biowaste with carbon-rich bulking agents (specifically immature brown coal and biochar), precise alternating aeration, vacuum moisture extraction, and final sanitization using ozone. The resulting biomass can be pelletized for easy storage and agricultural application. Because ozone acts as a sterilant, this process transforms traditional living compost into a biologically safe, nutrient-dense organic fertilizer. The originality of this approach lies in the synergistic integration of these physical and chemical treatments into a single, scalable system tailored for decentralized regions. By adopting such localized, highly controlled composting systems, municipalities can significantly reduce transport and disposal costs, while converting biowaste into certified, high-quality organic fertilizers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ľuboš Jurík, Marta Lenartowicz, Andrej Válek, Elena Aydın https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Regional Patterns of Genetic Variation in Lavender Revealed by RAPD Analysis
Lavender is primarily cultivated for its essential oil, which is rich in terpenoids and widely used in cosmetics, aromatherapy, and medicine. In this study, we assessed the genomic variability of lavender grown in six regions of Slovakia, representing two species, five varieties, and two tissue types (leaves and flowers), using molecular markers. Molecular profiles generated with five RAPD primers were largely shaped by taxonomic affiliation, with individual species forming clearly distinguishable groups. Additionally, primer SM_03 showed a strong ability to differentiate samples based on tissue type. Although the primers were highly effective in species discrimination, they did not reveal variability associated with environmental conditions. Overall, the applied RAPD markers exhibited strong discriminatory power for taxonomic differentiation but were insufficient for distinguishing samples according to geographic origin.
Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel., genetic diversity, RAPD markers, Slovakia, medicinal plants
Copyright (c) 2026 Klaudia Lukáčová, Simona Čerteková, Katarína Ražná, Joanna Korczyk-Szabó, Miroslav Habán https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Agronomic evaluation of Bulgarian elite soybean breeding lines
In a three-year field trial conducted from 2023 to 2025 at RIMSA–Troyan, Northern Bulgaria, medium-early-maturing (MGI) stabilized recombinant soybean lines derived from the following varietal crosses—♀Romantica × ♂Oria (line R2), ♀Romantica × ♂Srebrina (line R5), ♀Saikai 20 × ♂Romantika (line S2), ♀Saikai 20 × ♂Galina (lines S3 and S32), ♂Atlanta × ♂Romantika (line A1), and ♂Atlanta × ♂Houta (line A3)—were compared with the Bulgarian standard variety Avigea in terms of productivity, quality, and drought resistance traits. The results demonstrated selection progress in the most important soybean yield components in lines S3 (♀Saikai 20 × ♂Galina) and R5 (♀Romantica × ♂Srebrina). These lines should be included in competitive trials and subsequently registered as new varieties. The superiority of line S3 over the standard in the number of pods and seeds per plant, as well as in harvest index, provides a significant advantage in individual plant productivity, despite its lower absolute seed mass. Line R5 recorded the highest values for absolute seed mass and harvest index. Both lines produce a large number of first-order branches, which contributes to their higher productive potential. They exceeded the standard in crude protein content without statistically significant differences, while showing lower crude fat content. Line S3 was comparable to the standard variety in its ability to regulate transpiration under dry conditions. Line S32 (♀Saikai 20 × ♂Galina) exhibited the highest phenotypic stability for the seed yield components most strongly correlated with individual plant productivity, namely total plant dry mass at harvest, number of pods and seeds per plant, and harvest index.
Copyright (c) 2026 Galina Naydenova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genetic Diversity and Trait Relationships in some Camelina Genotypes under Semi-Arid Conditions
This research evaluated twelve camelina genotypes, including eleven accessions and one variety (Soheil), over two consecutive growing seasons (2023-2024) at the semi-arid experimental farm of Parsabad, northwestern Iran. Field trials followed a randomized block arrangement with three replicates, and phenological traits (days to flowering and maturity), morphological characteristics (plant height, stem diameter, and height of first branch), and yield attributes (thousand-seed weight, pods per plant, seeds per pod, and yield performance) were quantified. Results demonstrated substantial phenotypic variability among genotypes, particularly for yield-related traits, indicating significant potential for selection and genetic improvement, while phenological traits exhibited low variability. Cluster analysis revealed four and three distinct genotype groups in the first and second years, respectively, with some genotypes consistently grouped across years, reflecting relatively low-variability. Trait-based dendrograms divided measured traits into two functional categories as phenology and plant height versus seed yield and related components. Although environmental effects influenced the magnitude of trait expression across years, genotypes with superior seed yield and thousand-seed weight were identified as promising candidates for breeding. The findings highlighted the potential of combining morpho-physiological evaluation with multivariate and clustering analyses to identify high-performing, genetically divergent camelina genotypes. Genotypes 1 from unknown source, 8 from Germany, and 12 as check cultivar from Iran, offered opportunities for breeding programs aimed at improving yield stability, and adaptability to semi-arid conditions. These insights provided a foundation for both future breeding efforts and the broader adoption of camelina as a multifunctional oilseed crop under challenging environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naser Sabaghnia, Asghar Ebadi, Mohsen Janmohammadi, Mehdi Mohebodini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Behaviour of Aubrac Cows at Pasture in Relation to Parity, Temperature, and Precipitation Monitored with a Sensor System
Cattle behaviour is strongly influenced by physiological status and environmental conditions, particularly ambient temperature, while precipitation has received less attention in pasture-based systems. This study investigated parity-dependent behavioural responses of grazing Aubrac cows to ambient temperature and precipitation using an ear-tag sensor monitoring system. A total of 26 cows were monitored from May to August 2025 with the DataMars system, recording feeding, ruminating, standing, and resting times. Cows were grouped by parity (0, 1, 2), and behavioural data were expressed as average hourly durations per day. Ambient temperature and precipitation data were obtained from a local meteorological station. Days were classified as thermoneutral (< 20 °C) or warm (≥ 20 °C), based on literature. Parity significantly influenced all behavioural traits, with small effects on feeding and standing and moderate effects on ruminating and resting. Higher temperatures were associated with reduced feeding and ruminating, increased standing, and decreased resting across parity groups. Precipitation showed no detectable effect on feeding, but correlated with longer ruminating and resting and shorter standing, particularly on warm days. These effects were generally small to moderate and largely absent under cooler conditions. The results indicate that ambient temperature is the primary environmental driver of behavioural change in grazing Aubrac cows, while precipitation acts as a secondary modifier during warm periods. Behavioural indicators such as rumination, resting, and standing are sensitive to weather-related strain and may provide valuable tools for welfare monitoring in pasture-based cattle system
Copyright (c) 2026 Mária Mičiaková, Iveta Szencziová, Peter Juhás, Jaroslav Dóbi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Forage Preferences and Nutritional Ecology of Timor Deer: Implications for Conservation Management
The Timor deer (Cervus timorensis) represents one of Indonesia’s key wildlife species, valued for its ecological roles, cultural heritage, and economic potential. This review compiles evidence from 50 scientific studies that examine its biology and ecology, with particular attention to forage resources as a determinant of health, reproduction, and population dynamics. The species shows selective feeding patterns, generally favoring protein-rich, low-fiber plants, and demonstrates a preference for cultivated forages such as Pennisetum purpureum compared to wild vegetation. Nutritional quality is shaped by forage diversity, seasonal fluctuations, and environmental conditions including rainfall, temperature, and altitude. Adequate feed supply enhances body condition, antler development, and reproductive success, whereas nutritional deficits compromise immunity and survival. Conservation-oriented interventions highlight the value of locally available forage, context-specific supplemental feeding, and feed preservation methods like silage production to reduce seasonal shortages. Addressing the combined challenges of selective browsing, habitat variability, and dietary specialization is critical. Integrated management strategies not only improve resilience against ecological pressures but also contribute to sustaining viable populations in the long term. Overall, strengthening forage-based management emerges as a central pathway for securing the conservation future of Cervus timorensis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rezki Amalyadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Energy Quality of Dog Feeds and Owner Feeding Practices: Links to Body Condition Score
The study aimed to evaluate the energy quality of complete commercial dog feeds by comparing declared metabolisable energy (ME) values with those determined by laboratory analysis. A total of 19 dry complete commercial dog feeds formulated for adult dogs in maintenance were analysed. Gross energy (GE) was measured by direct calorimetry and recalculated to ME using a conversion coefficient of 0.82. In addition, a questionnaire survey among 32 dog owners was conducted to assess feeding practices and their association with body condition score (BCS). The results showed that declared ME concentrations (15,870 ±720 kJ/kg) were on average higher than the recalculated values (14,800 ±1,030 kJ/kg), with a mean difference of 1,070 ±1,350 kJ/kg. For a 15 kg model dog, this discrepancy translated into daily intake variations of several hundred kilojoules, potentially leading to under- or overfeeding. The questionnaire confirmed that 75% of owners provided treats and 72% used dietary supplements, both of which significantly increased total energy intake. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated strong positive associations between BCS and the use of treats (r = 0.71, P < 0.01) as well as supplements (r = 0.69, P < 0.01), whereas the amount of complete feed alone showed no significant effect (r = 0.31, P > 0.05). These findings underline the importance of precise feed labelling and highlight the role of owner behaviour as a determinant of canine body condition. Improvements in transparency of nutritional information and targeted owner education are essential to support optimal feeding strategies and prevent obesity in dog
Copyright (c) 2026 Ester Vargová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Precision Management of Bread Wheat Growth Using Humic-like Biostimulants from Lignin Waste
The increasing demand for sustainable agriculture necessitates precision management techniques that optimize plant growth and yield while minimizing environmental impact. A promising direction is the use of humic-like substances derived from industrial waste, such as lignin-containing pulp and paper mill waste. This study involved the development of a specialized reactor for the oxidative-hydrolytic transformation of lignin-containing waste ("KNAUF Petrobord") into humic-like growth regulators (designated KLGK). The physiological activity of the resulting preparations was assessed via biotests on bread wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum L. cv. 'Darya' and 'Zlata'). Field experiments on bread wheat were conducted, applying the preparations as foliar feeding. Crop status was monitored using operational systems combining ground truthing and remote sensing (Sentinel-2 satellite data, NDVI index). Laboratory tests identified an optimal activating concentration range for KLGK between 0.0025% and 0.00025%, accelerating seed germination by 20-30%. In field conditions, the application of KLGK on a background of NPK fertilizer resulted in a grain yield of 3.02 t ha–1, a 161% increase compared to the fertilizer-only background and a 207% increase over the control. The reference stimulant "Stimulife" yielded 2.55 t ha –1. Remote sensing effectively tracked crop development and spatial heterogeneity, confirming the visual impact of the treatments. The methodology of precise regulation of crop growth using real-time monitoring and foliar fertilization based on preparations derived from PPM waste has been successfully tested. The developed technology enables the recycling of any lignin – containing waste into highly effective plant growth regulators, demonstrating significant potential for enhancing agricultural productivity and environmental.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andrey A. Komarov, Pavel A. Sukhanov , Yuri G. Zakharian, Tatyana P. Novikova; Arthur I. Novikov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Seeds to Seedlings: Analyzing the Pipeline for Closed Root Systems Stocks in Central Russia
Relevance: The implementation of reforestation policies in the Russian Federation, mandating that from 2025 at least 30% of artificial reforestation uses containerized seedlings, necessitates the development of efficient local production technologies. This is particularly critical for the Voronezh region, where Scots pine is a primary forest-forming species. Methods: This study analyzes a five-year (2020-2024) production cycle at a specialized greenhouse complex in the Voronezh region. The technology encompasses seed processing, sowing in 40-cell containers (BCC SIDESLIT 40-120 cc) using a peat-based substrate, cultivation in EVA-covered greenhouses, and a hardening phase. Key metrics included seed quality (purity, germination), production volumes, and biometric parameters (height, root collar diameter) of the seedlings. Results: The total seed sown was 141.3 kg, producing 8.976 million standard seedlings. Seed quality was high (purity 95.8-100%, germination 85-98%, corresponding to quality classes I-II). The average yield of standard seedlings was 92.3%. The average height varied from 8.2 to 22.7 cm, and the root collar diameter from 1.998 to 3.022 mm. A deviation in the technological process in 2023 led to a significant reduction in seedling height. Conclusions: The developed technology ensures reliable production of high-quality containerized Scots pine seedlings suitable for both manual and mechanized planting in the Voronezh region. Future research should focus on optimizing substrate composition and fertilization regimes to further enhance growth uniformity and stress resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Veronika I. Malysheva, Dr. Tatyana P. Novikova, Dr. Nebi Bilir, Dr. Arthur I. Novikov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Proanthocyanidin on Semen Quality, Antioxidant Status, and Hormonal Profile in Ageing Broiler Breeder Male
Fertility in breeder flocks directly affects the number of hatching eggs available for commercial use. However, in broiler breeder males, semen quality declines significantly with age, especially after 50 weeks. The current study was conducted at the poultry facility of the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, from November 1, 2023, to January 31, 2024, spanning 13 weeks. The objective was to evaluate the impact of daily proanthocyanidin supplementation on semen quality characteristics of broiler breeder roosters. A total of twenty roosters, aged 54 weeks, were used in this study. The birds were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, each consisting of five replicates with one rooster per replicate. The experimental treatments were as follows: a control group without supplementation, and three experimental groups receiving 20, 30, and 40 mg/day of proanthocyanidin, respectively. The findings demonstrated that proanthocyanidin supplementation positively influenced the semen quality of roosters, particularly at higher doses. Improvements were most evident during the later stages of the experiment, suggesting that continuous supplementation has cumulative benefits. Roosters receiving 20 and 30 mg/day exhibited superior semen motility, sperm concentration, overall semen quality, antioxidant enzyme and testosterone concentration compared to both the control and the 40 mg/day group. These results indicate a dose-dependent effect of proanthocyanidin, with the most pronounced enhancement observed at the highest supplementation level. In conclusion, the study provides strong evidence that dietary oral administration of proanthocyanidin can improve reproductive efficiency in broiler breeder roosters by enhancing semen quality traits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Emad Ali, Nihad Ali, Tahreer Al-Thuwaini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effects of Nitrogen and Sulfur on the Performance of Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) in a Drought-Prone Region
Low soil fertility in semi-arid areas is a significant issue affecting agricultural output, and climate change has further worsened this problem. Nutritional management, such as applying elements with complementary interactions appear to enhance the growth and yield of oilseed crop systems. A field trial was conducted to assess the impact of various sulfur fertilizer rates (0, 25, 50, and 75 kg ha-1 designated as S0, S25, S50, and S75, respectively) and nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha-1 designated as N0, N40, N80, N120, and N160, respectively) on the growth and productivity of Camelina in the northwestern part of Iran. As nitrogen application rates increased, traits such as plant height (57%), relative water content (1%), number of lateral branches (86%), and greenness indices (55%) showed notable increases. However, application of high levels of nitrogen (N160) reduced relative leaf water content and the number of siliques per plant. The impact of nitrogen application on these traits was greater than that of sulfur application. Nevertheless, the most beneficial effect of sulfur was achieved with the S50 application. Assessing grain yield while considering the economic implications of fertilizer use showed that applying N80+S50 (1312 kg ha⁻¹) is more rational. Overall, the results showed that using N80+S50 saved nitrogen fertilizer and achieved acceptable economic performance. Increasing the productivity of Camelina production systems in the studied semi-arid region requires soil amendment with sulfur.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohsen Janmohammadi, Asghar Ebadi-Segherloo, Naser Sabaghnia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Precision Weed Management in Agriculture: a Comprehensive Overview
Weed infestation remains a major challenge in modern agriculture, leading to reduced crop yields, increased production costs, and environmental impacts due to excessive herbicide use. Recent advances in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones have enabled site-specific weed control that minimizes chemical inputs while optimizing crop protection. This study summarizes the current state of UAV applications in weed detection, mapping, and targeted herbicide application, with an emphasis on the latest studies from 2020–2025. Various imaging sensors, including RGB, multispectral, and hyperspectral cameras, are discussed in terms of their accuracy, resolution, and operational limitations. Machine learning and deep learning algorithms, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNN) and YOLO models, are increasingly being used for automated weed classification and prescription map generation. Spot spraying using UAVs has shown the potential to reduce herbicide use by 30–50%, improve environmental sustainability, and reduce operating costs. Challenges such as flight stability, battery life, regulatory constraints, and field heterogeneity are also addressed. Finally, the review highlights future directions, including full automation of UAV missions, integration with robotic systems, real-time decision-making using artificial intelligence, and improved multisensory approaches. This synthesis provides a comprehensive reference for researchers, agronomists, and technology developers aiming to advance precision weed management and sustainable agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Michal Kupec, Štefan Týr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Weed control in maize (Zea mays L.) is a key factor in achieving high and stable yields, as weeds compete with crops for nutrients, water, space and light, thereby reducing productivity and production quality. Traditional practices, based mainly on synthetic herbicides, remain dominant in intensive farming systems. Growing concerns about weed resistance, environmental impacts, and legislative restrictions are driving the search for alternative solutions. Currently, integrated weed management (IWM) is being promoted, combining chemical, mechanical, cultural, and biological methods. Promising trends include the use of precision farming, which allows for the targeted application of herbicides using sensors and drones (only in countries where this is legal), thereby reducing pesticide consumption and the risk of soil contamination. Another direction is biological weed control using allelopathic plants or microbial preparations that suppress weed seed germination. Mulching with organic materials and intercropping, which limit the formation of weed seed reserves, also play an important role. Modern research focuses on the use of artificial intelligence to predict the critical period of weed competition for the cultivated crop. These innovations are aimed at sustainable maize cultivation systems that minimize negative environmental impacts while ensuring economic efficiency of production. Currently, the most commonly used herbicide active ingredients in maize are, for example: dicamba, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, dimethenamid, and pendimethalin. These (and other) active ingredients are used in combination as a pre-emergence application followed by one or two post-emergence applications. Pre-emergence application immediately after sowing the soil is intended to control the so-called first wave of weeds; however this type of herbicide requires sufficient rainfall to activate. Therefore, the integration of diversified agronomic practices with well-timed herbicide use remains essential for achieving effective and sustainable weed control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Denis Onufer, Štefan Týr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Valorization of Olive Pomace for the Breeding of Young Quercus suber L. Plants in the Guerbes Soilless Nursery (Northeast Algeria)
This study aims to investigate the possibility of using olive pomace in the preparation of growing substrates for the cultivation of young Quercus suber L. plants in nurseries. It was performed in Guerbes (Skikda, Algeria) where three substrates made from olive pomace, forest humus and a control (forest soil alone) were tested. The obtained results revealed that the S2 substrate (50% olive pomace + 50% humus), by its balanced physicochemical properties (pH= 7.436; EC= 0.17 mmhos/cm; CEC = 79 meq/100g; Organic matter = 6.46 and water retention capacity= 28.66) represents the best substrate because the young plants raised in this substrate for four months recorded the best results in terms of height (16.136cm), diameter (0.249cm), fresh weight of the aerial part (2.090g), fresh weight of the root part (10.230g), dry weight of the aerial part (0.960g) and dry weight of the root part (3.930g).
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdelouahab Belaidi , Bouakba Nourelhouda, Chekired Dounia, Francisco Maria Vázquez Pardo, Francisco Marquez Garcia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Saline Stress on the Germination of Durum Wheat and Barley
Soil salinity poses a significant challenge to plant productivity and is a major issue for agriculture in Algeria. Consequently, developing varieties that can tolerate high salinity levels is a sustainable way to expand cereal cultivation, particularly in semi-arid regions. This study compares two durum wheat (Triticum durumDesf.) varieties and two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties with contrasting salt stress sensitivities. The experiment was conducted during the germination and early vegetative stages, assessing morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters. Specifically, the impact of escalating salinity levels (0–20 g•l⁻¹NaCl) on the germination and initial growth of durum wheat (Bousselem and Waha) and barley (Tichedrett and Saida) was evaluated. The results revealed a highly significant, dose-dependent inhibitory effect of salinity. Increasing salt concentrations markedly reduced the final germination percentage (FGP), slowed germination kinetics and increased the mean germination time (T₅₀). Morphological analyses showed severe inhibition of root and epicotyl growth at concentrations of 15 g·l⁻¹ and above. Of the tested genotypes, wheat variety Bousselem exhibited the greatest tolerance, maintaining an FGP of 28% under severe stress (20 g·l⁻¹), while barley variety Tichedrett demonstrated the fastest germination rate. An important finding was that germination recovery occurred following exposure to moderate salinity, but not after severe stress (18 to 20 g·l⁻¹). Overall, durum wheat displayed greater salt tolerance than barley. Furthermore, significant intraspecific variability was identified in Bousselem and Tichedrett, making them promising salt-tolerant genotypes worthy of further evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lilia Nouri, Smail Chafaa, Mohamed Kebieche, Fateh Mimeche, Hanane Ferroudji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unraveling the Molecular Pathways of Cadmium-Induced Aging
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal widely recognized for its detrimental effects on human health, particularly due to its long biological half-life and ability to accumulate in tissues over time. Chronic exposure to Cd, whether through environmental, occupational, or dietary sources, has been implicated in accelerated aging and age-related pathologies. Increasing evidence from diverse model systems, including yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, mammalian cell cultures, rodents, and population studies, suggests that Cd disrupts key cellular processes such as oxidative stress response, mitochondrial function, DNA repair, and epigenetic regulation. These disruptions contribute to cellular senescence, tissue degeneration, and systemic aging phenotypes. By examining findings across different biological models, this review aims to elucidate the conserved and model-specific mechanisms by which Cd influences the aging process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Miroslava Požgajová, Alica Navrátilová, Marek Kovár, Lucia Klongová, Hossein Zakariapour Bahnamiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pharmacological Evaluation and Prediction of Pharmaceutical Potential of Lasiococca comberi Haines: A Threatened Medicinal Tree
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical health issue that requires the exploration of unexplored plants for the identification of new therapeutic agents. This study examined the leaves of Lasiococca comberi, a threatened Indian tree species, focusing on its phytochemical content, toxicity, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant potential. Aqueous extract of the leaves showed the highest presence of secondary metabolites, while the methanol and ethanol extracts demonstrated the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of the ethanol extract revealed seven distinct spots and confirmed its antioxidant activity. The quantification of secondary metabolites highlights the potential of L. comberi leaves as a valuable source of bioactive compounds to combat AMR. These findings suggest that L. comberi leaves could be a promising source of new antimicrobial agents, warranting further pharmacological investigation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jeline Rani J, Kadambini Das, Jaydeep Kumar Sahu, Shikha Thakur, Sandhya Sharma, Sanjeet Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiological Indicators of Workload in Horses: Analysis of Heart Rate and energy expenditure during riding
Objective monitoring of physiological parameters, such as heart rate (HR), energy metabolism, and the temporal structure of exercise, forms the basis for optimizing the overall training process of sport horses. Determining the threshold between effective stimulation and overloading is crucial for preventing overtraining and performance decline. Training programs based on these indicators take into account the adaptive capacity of the horse, thereby maximizing performance while supporting health and welfare.The aim of this study was to analyze physiological parameters, particularly heart rate and energy expenditure, during riding training and its duration. Sixteen horses of different ages and sexes were included in the study and divided into two groups based on sporting experience. The first group (n = 8) comprised horses in the preparatory phase of their sporting careers with a maximum of one year of competition experience, while the second group (n = 8) consisted of more experienced horses with at least two years of sporting seasons. Horses were housed in two riding centers and fed high-quality meadow hay (10–12 kg depending on body weight), supplemented with a complete feed mixture (2–5 kg depending on workload), with ad libitum access to water. All horses were stabled in individual boxes. Heart rate and energy expenditure were measured using the CEEFIT Pulse & ECG system by Seaver. Analysis revealed a statistically significant difference (p <0.01) in HR between groups: less experienced horses had an average HR of 93.92 beats.min-1, whereas experienced horses exhibited values approximately 9.81 beats.min-1 higher. This difference may be attributed to more intense interaction between rider and horse in the experienced group, while the lower HR in less experienced horses likely reflects reduced exercise intensity. Significant correlations were observed between exercise duration and HR (p <0.001), as well as between exercise duration and energy expenditure (p <0.001). In less experienced horses, a strong correlation between HR and energy expenditure was also detected (p <0.0005), whereas in experienced horses, only a correlation between HR and energy expenditure was confirmed (p <0.0001). The results confirm substantial differences in physiological parameters between groups and highlight the impact of training intensity on the horse’s organism. These findings emphasize the necessity of a differentiated approach to training program design to optimize the overall training process.
Heart rate, energy, workload, performance, horse
Copyright (c) 2025 Monika Šmondrková, Marko Halo, Stanislav Zaťko, Eva Mlyneková, Marko Halo Jr. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sensory Analysis of Edible Gels Enriched with Bioactive Compounds Intended for the Nutrition of Seniors
Edible gels are a promising form of functional food suitable for seniors, who often face difficulties with swallowing and insufficient nutrient intake. Their structure allows for the incorporation of bioactive compounds with good gastrointestinal absorption and subsequent health benefits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory acceptability of prototypes of edible gels enriched with bioactive substances and to propose recipe optimisation. Curcumin, known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, was selected as the model bioactive compound. The gel matrices were prepared using two polysaccharides, arabinogalactan or beta-glucan and two flavours (apple pulp or vanilla). Each variant was produced in two versions, without bioactive substances or with added curcumin resulting in eight samples. The samples were stored at 4 °C and equilibrated to room temperature for 2 hours before evaluation. Eighty senior participants (40 in Slovakia, 40 in the Czech Republic) aged 65 and over took part in the sensory evaluation, assessing anonymised samples presented in random order. The evaluation was conducted in accordance with ISO 8589:2007 guidelines, using descriptive analysis with a 9-point hedonic scale (1 = very poor, 9 = very good). The results showed that edible gels represent a promising platform for the application of geroprotective agents for seniors. Arabinogalactan in combination with fruit flavours proved to be the best accepted matrix, while beta-glucan and curcumin require technological interventions to improve the sensory profile. From a practical point of view, these results are relevant for the development of new functional foods intended for the aging population.
edible gels, geroprotective substances, nootropics, seniors, development of new food products, sensory analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 Jana Žemberyová, Vladimír Vietoris, Martina Gažarová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Microalga Chlorella vulgaris and Cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis Supplementation on Rumen Fermentation in Cattle
Microalgae are a promising protein source for ruminants, yet their in vivo effects on rumen fermentation are variable. We evaluated dietary Chlorella vulgaris (CHL), Spirulina platensis (SPIR), and a 50 : 50 mixture (MIX) in four ruminally cannulated Simmental cows using a 4 × 4 Latin square. Cows received a control diet (CON) or CON supplemented with CHL (100 g/d), SPIR (100 g/d), or MIX (50 g CHL + 50 g SPIR/d). Rumen fluid collected three hours post-feeding was analyzed for pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia (NH₃–N), total nitrogen (Ntot), and total protozoal ciliates (TPC). Treatments affected most fermentation endpoints. Relative to CON, CHL lowered pH (6.17 vs. 6.37; P < 0.001) and increased propionate (19.24 vs. 16.78–17.40 mmol/L; P = 0.001), indicating a more glucogenic profile. MIX increased acetate (78.43 vs. 69.02 mmol/L; P = 0.002), the acetate: propionate ratio (4.82 vs. 3.99–4.38; P < 0.001), isovalerate (1.09 vs. 0.75–0.86 mmol/L; P < 0.001), NH₃–N (2.83 vs. 1.69–2.34 mmol/L; P < 0.001), Ntot (0.57 vs. 0.46–0.51 g/kg; P = 0.01), and TPC (35.02 vs. 26.43–29.04 ×10⁴/mL; P = 0.005). SPIR responses were intermediate and generally closer to CON. At practical inclusion rates, C. vulgaris favored propionate production with a modest decline in pH. In contrast, the CHL+SPIR mixture shifted fermentation toward higher acetate, branched-chain VFA, and deamination products, alongside greater protozoal abundance. Thus, single-species versus mixed microalgae should be selected based on production goals: CHL for glucogenic energy supply, and MIX for acetate-oriented fermentation, acknowledging potential impacts on rumen nitrogen efficiency.
rumen; volatile fatty acid; feed supplement; Chlorella vulgaris; cyanobacteria
Copyright (c) 2026 Svetlana Malyugina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Change in the Size of Pre-Ovulatory Follicles During the Mare Breeding Season
The mare is a seasonally polyestrous animal whose reproductive activity is regulated by hormonal mechanisms and influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and photoperiod. The aim of this study was to monitor seasonal changes in the size of preovulatory (PO) follicles of mares during the breeding season and to evaluate their relationship to the average daily temperature and the length of the daylight period. The study was carried out on 247 mares of different breeds aged 3–24 years, which were examined between April and September over a five-year period at the Equine Clinic of the University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice. Follicle development was monitored ultrasonographically, supplemented by the determination of progesterone levels. The average size of PO follicles ranged from 5.00 ± 0.51 cm in April to 4.70 ± 0.42 cm in September, with no significant differences confirmed between individual months (p = 0.28). However, a multifactorial analysis based on individual measurements (n = 247) demonstrated a significant effect of average daily temperature on follicle size (p = 0.008), whereas day length did not show a significant effect (p = 0.233). Overall, follicle size showed a decreasing trend during the season and towards the end of the breeding season ovulation occurred at smaller diameters. The results indicate temperature as a key factor influencing seasonal changes in follicle size. These findings have practical importance for veterinarians and reproductive specialists, as reliance on a fixed follicle size threshold may lead to incorrect determination of the time of ovulation and lower insemination success attheend of the season.
Copyright (c) 2026 Magdaléna Zaťková, Marko Halo, Eva Mlyneková, Vladimír Hura, Ivan Imrich, Stanislav Zaťko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of Pesticide Usage and Farming Practices on Soil Health in Buldhana District of Maharashtra
Intensive pesticide use and monoculture-based cropping are increasingly linked to soil degradation in India’s semi-arid smallholder systems. We examined how farmer practices, particularly pesticide reliance, affect soil properties in Buldhana (Maharashtra)a through a survey (n = 93) and laboratory analyses of composite soils (0–10 cm). Soils were slightly alkaline and non-saline (pH 7.44–7.78; EC 0.15–0.22 dS m⁻¹) but showed low organic carbon (0.32–0.95%), low–medium available N (183–311 kg ha⁻¹), medium P (13–25 kg ha⁻¹), high K (307–783 kg ha⁻¹), and widespread Fe and Zn deficiencies, while Cu and Mn were generally adequate. Comparisons with organic and forest controls highlighted contrasting fertility baselines: organic soils had higher OCC (0.85%) and extreme K (>3000 kg ha⁻¹), while forest soils had the highest OC (1.06%), elevated Fe and Mn, and greater moisture. Most farmers were marginal landholders (1–5 acres), largely rainfed, following soybean–wheat sequences; 71.6% applied 3–5 sprays per season, and 68.4% relied exclusively on chemical pesticides, predominantly organophosphates. Instant efficacy was cited as the main reason for use, though 41% reported yield declines. ANOVA and cross-tabulations showed higher spray intensity and organophosphate use coincided with lower OC and slightly elevated EC, suggesting pesticide-mediated disruption of soil functioning. While macronutrient levels (notably K) were sufficient, persistent Fe and Zn gaps threaten long-term fertility. Locally actionable strategies; integrated pest management, crop diversification, soil-test–based fertilization with micronutrient correction, and organic amendments, could reduce pesticide load and restore soil health. The survey-plus-soil framework offers a replicable diagnostic for aligning pesticide management with soil restoration in semi-arid Vertisols.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sneha Kolhe, Dr. Yamini Patil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PCR-Based Profiling of Genetic Variability in Domesticated Capsicum spp.: Implications for Biodiversity
The original tropical genus Capsicum spp. is an important crop worldwide, particularly the species C. chinense and C. annuum. Like many crops subjected to long-term domestication and breeding, and under the continuous influence of human activity on the environment, the Capsicum genus faces a significant loss of biodiversity and a gradual reduction in the availability of its genetic resources. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of existing PCR marker techniques for both interspecific and intraspecific analysis, and to examine the extent of genetic similarity or diversity among the genomes of the cultivated Capsicum spp. Five varieties of C. chinense and C. annuum were used in PCRs to detect genetic variability by four DNA-based dominant marker techniques: CDDP, iPBS, PBA and BBAP. The number of loci for all methods was 310 and it varied from 34 (PBA), 62 (BBAP) and 96 (iPBS) to 117 (CDDP), P% for all methods was 79.68% (45.71% PBA, 82.26% BBAP, 84.38% iPBS and 86.32% CDDP). The CDDP primers had the maximum discriminating power at 0.718, whilst the PBA primers displayed the lowest value at 0.379 among the applied approaches. The pair Ohnivec – Jalahot had the highest genetic similarity across all approaches, evaluated at 0.335. The lowest genetic similarity was detected between the pairings H. chocolate and Ohnivec, reported at 0.629. All used DNA-based marker techniques were evaluated as applicable and informative in the genus Capsicum spp., from moderately informative PBA, through highly informative iPBS and BBAP to very highly informative CDDP.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucia Urbanová, Silvia Farkasová, Jana Žiarovská https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chitin and Carbohydrate Composition of Eight Insect Species Used as Feed and Food
Edible insects represent a sustainable source of protein and bioactive compounds, however their carbohydrate composition, particularly structural polysaccharides like chitin, substantially affects nutritional quality. This study provides a comparative analysis of chitin and carbohydrate composition of eight insect species across larval (Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, Hermetia illucens, Musca domestica), pupal (Bombyx mori), and adult (Gryllodes sigillatus, Acheta domesticus, Gryllus assimilis) stages. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and chitin content varied significantly with species and developmental stage, reflecting differences in cuticular structure and physiological adaptations. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content varied considerably across species, with the lowest value in Bombyx mori pupae (92.02 ± 2.44 g.kg⁻¹ DM) and the highest in Tenebrio molitor larvae (290.40 ± 6.14 g.kg⁻¹ DM). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) showed a minimum of 72.90±8.68 g.kg⁻¹ DM (B. mori pupae) and a maximum of 133.16±0.97 g.kg⁻¹ DM (Gryllus assimilis adults). Chitin content (ADF-ADL) was lowest in B. mori pupae (64.32±9.65 g.kg⁻¹ DM) and highest in G. assimilis adults (123.45±1.28 g.kg⁻¹ DM); alternative estimation via ADF-CPADF ranged from 37.95±4.52 to 78.78±2.00 g.kg⁻¹ DM, highlighting methodological sensitivity. Soluble sugars were highest in larvae, whereas polyols, accumulated predominantly in pupae (glycerol in B. mori 11.43±0.43 g.kg⁻¹ DM) and adults (glycerol in A. domesticus 7.20±0.04 g.kg⁻¹ DM). These results emphasize the importance of standardized chitin quantification and targeted processing strategies for optimizing the nutritional value of insect-derived feed and food. This integrative approach advances the understanding of insect carbohydrate composition and supports efforts to valorize edible insects in sustainable nutrition systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Matúš Džima, Miroslav Juráček, Daniel Bíro, Milan Šimko, Branislav Gálik, Michal Rolinec, Ondrej Hanušovský, Mária Kapusniaková, Kristína Kolbaská, Ester Vargová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Weed Control in the Maize Stand in Dry Agroecology Conditions
The most common active ingredients of herbicides used in maize are, for example: dicamba, rimsulfuron, nicosulfuron, dimethenamid. The experiment was carried out at the PPD Inovec Volkovce farm. The aim of this work was to utilize the possibilities of chemical weed control and analyze them on plots with sown maize. The control of weed species were monitored and the effectiveness of the herbicides used with specific active ingredients applied according to variants: early post-emergent and post-emergent were also evaluated. The partial objectives of the work were: 1. evaluation of the current weed infestation using numerous methods on control and treated variants 2. evaluation of the effectiveness of regulatory intervention on variants treated with herbicides 3. evaluation of the phytotoxicity. The experiment was carried out on their standard plots with maize sown according to the sowing plan. Experimental area was set aside each year that has only been sown and has not been further treated. Chemical treatments in the experiment were carried out in accordance with the EPPO PP1/181(5) methodology. Untreated control area was covered with foil during the application of herbicides. Based on the use of available herbicides, the variants were divided into early post-emergence treatment up to the 3rd leaf of maize and post-emergence treatment up to the 6th leaf of maize. The best result had variant with active ingredients dicamba and prosulfuron in early post-emergence treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Denis Onufer, Štefan Týr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Changes in Biochemical Parameters and LDL-Subfractions Due to the Consumption of High-Fat Sheep’s Milk Yogurt Depending on Pre-Intervention Visceral Fat Area
Yogurt is part of the healthy eating habits of many population groups, mainly because of its significant nutritional properties. However, it is also a source of fats, the intake of which is associated with certain health risks. The aim of the study was assessment of the impact of intervention on metabolic health depending on pre-intervention visceral fat area (VFA). Twenty women were divided into two groups depending on the pre-intervention visceral fat area determined using the MF-BIA method. Biochemical parameters were determined using the Biolis 24i Premium and lipoprotein subfractions using the Lipoprint® analyzer. With the exception of triglycerides, no significant pre-post intervention differences were found between the groups (P > 0.05). The group of women with over-limit values of VFA had higher values of all parameters (with the exception of HDL-C). There was a significant increase in T-C, LDL-C, but also HDL-C and a decrease in cardiovascular risk in both groups, and in the case of women with over-limit VFA, an increase in triglycerides and glucose, but a decrease in the LDL/HDL ratio. Mean LDL size did not change significantly and in both cases the primary non-atherogenic phenotype did not worsen (P > 0.05). Our findings confirm the need for a more comprehensive assessment of the health risks of consuming foods with a higher fat content, not just on the basis of one critical component. As total cholesterol increases, it is essential to assess what changes have occurred in low- and high-density lipoproteins, as well as their subfractions and particle size.
yogurt, sheep´s milk, cholesterol, lipoproteins, subfractions, milk fat
Copyright (c) 2026 Martina Gažarová, Petra Lenártová, Róbert Toman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
How Actinometric Processes Impact Geographical Trial Plantations?
This study analyzes the long-term measurement data of direct, diffuse, and total solar radiation recorded at the Minsk meteorological station from 1954 to 2023 (70 years). We investigated the relationship between variations in these radiation components and changes in the annual ring width of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from different provenances. The trees were grown in a geographical trial plantation located in the Berezinsko-Predpolessky geobotanical region of the Republic of Belarus. The annual influence of incoming solar radiation on the radial growth of Scots pine of different geographical origins was assessed. A moderate to strong negative correlation was established between the tree-ring width of several Scots pine climatypes and the intensity of direct radiation. All studied climatypes were divided into two groups based on the sensitivity of their radial growth to direct solar radiation. Climatypes with an average continentality index in the range of 46–55%, as well as those belonging to the Siberian and Lapland subspecies, showed a negative reaction to an increase in the proportion of direct radiation. Furthermore, the obtained datasets contribute to the AgroForest Landscape Restoration Library (AFLR-Library).
Copyright (c) 2026 Siarhei U. Rabko, Liliya F. Paplauskaya, Pavel V. Tupik, Nebi Bilir, Tatyana P. Novikova, Arthur I. Novikov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Possibilities for Increasing Biodiversity of Natural Ecosystems and Agroecosystems
The presented study addresses the issue of biodiversity, which is a fundamental element of all ecosystems. Since the reduction or loss occurs as a result of many factors, such as habitat degradation, rapidly increasing environmental pollution, worsening climate crisis, monoculture cultivation, urbanisation, and the expansion of non-native species, among others, which have serious consequences for the existence of life on Earth. For this reason, biodiversity protection is necessary, as any change threatens the existing flora, fauna, habitats and the entire society, since all of these factors lead to a deterioration in the functioning of not only natural ecosystems, but also agro-ecosystems. Especially in agricultural landscapes, it is necessary to solve the above problem with measures that would support wild organisms. One of the measures is modern biobelts, which serve to slow down or stop the reduction of biodiversity, as they address the agro-environmental-climatic aspect. The present vegetation of biobelts improves the trophic supply and increases the spatial and temporal availability of food sources for the present organisms. On the other hand, biobelts pose a risk of enriching the soil seed bank with weeds, which may later be manifested in increased weeding of cultivated crops, and the proliferation of pests also appears to be a problem. Another highly effective measure in providing multiple ecosystem services, ensuring water regulation and quality, pest and disease control, while supporting biodiversity, long-term productivity and soil quality, is the use of agroforestry. The results show that increasing diversity in natural ecosystems and agroecosystems through planned measures represents an important strategy, which leads to improved biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jana Ivanič-Porhajášová, Ing. Mária Babošová, PhD., doc. Ing. Eva Mlyneková, PhD. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of IAA Production by Halotolerant Bacterial and Fungal Consortia
The current study focused on optimizing the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by halotolerant bacterial and fungal consortia, which are crucial for promoting plant growth under saline conditions. Initial screening using Plackett–Burman design identified pH, tryptophan concentration, and incubation period as the most significant factors affecting IAA synthesis. These factors were further optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), resulting in maximal IAA yields of up to 125 µg/mL under conditions of pH 6.25–7.0, tryptophan 0.7–1.2 mg/mL, and incubation of 8.5–12 days. The statistical model exhibited strong significance (p<0.0001) with non-significant lack-of-fit, confirming the model's validity. The findings suggest that tailoring these parameters can significantly boost IAA production in halotolerant consortia, enhancing their potential as bioinoculants in saline-stressed soils. This work provides a solid foundation for developing effective microbial formulations to improve plant productivity in challenging environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suvarna Patil, Arpana Jobanputra, Sunil Pathak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Use of By-Products of Corn Grain Processing in Ruminant Nutrition
The rising global demand for meat and dairy products requires sustainable approaches in ruminant nutrition that balance productivity, cost efficiency, and environmental responsibility. Traditional high-protein feeds, such as soybean meal, are associated with increasing costs, environmental impacts, and land-use pressures. Corn processing by-products – corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, corn germ, and corn bran – offer a promising alternative due to their high protein, fiber, and nutrient content. Produced through wet and dry milling, these by-products provide favorable amino acid profiles, good digestibility, and valuable energy levels, supporting growth, lactation, and animal health. Research indicates that their inclusion in ruminant diets can improve milk yield, feed efficiency, and profitability while reducing feed costs by partially or fully replacing conventional protein sources. Economically, local sourcing enhances cost-effectiveness and supports circular economy principles by repurposing agricultural residues. Environmentally, corn by-products can lower greenhouse gas emissions, reduce reliance on land-intensive crops, and decrease competition between food and feed resources. However, careful management of nitrogen and phosphorus excretion is necessary to avoid nutrient runoff. Incorporating corn by-products into feeding strategies offers a practical and sustainable solution for the livestock sector. Their nutritional value, economic benefits, and environmental advantages position them as a viable component in modern ruminant production systems, contributing to long-term sustainability and resilience in the face of global agricultural challenges.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dilavar Huseynzade, Ondrej Hanušovský, Miroslav Juráček, Milan Šimko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0